Legal word of the day: Prolix
March 5, 2013 Leave a comment
By Michael Reiter, Attorney at Law
Sometimes, you need a five dollar word instead of a five cent word. The word is “prolix.” Prolixity, according to Black’s Law Dictionary, Sixth Edition is the “unnecessary and superfluous statement of facts in pleading or in evidence.
As a case example, in 2005, I defeated (in U.S. District Court, plaintiff attempted to appeal to the Ninth Circuit but failed to follow procedure after I became the Assistant City Attorney in Redlands) what may or may not have been a Complaint in United States District Court from a sovereign citizen, what I called a constitutionalists in the past. Here is a restatement of the Complaint, without the actual prolixity:
Plaintiff claims the City is a corporation or political division of the State of California. Complaint, Pg. 2, Para. 4. Plaintiff claims the individual defendants lacked “standing to be officers, agents or employees of the City” Id. at Para. 24.
Plaintiff claims his property is outside the regulatory authority of the City of San Bernardino. Complaint, Pg. 9, Para. 13. However, plaintiff does not claim that it is outside the corporate limits of the City of San Bernardino.
Plaintiff claims that the individual defendants have failed to prove that they had jurisdiction over his property. Complaint, Pg. 9, Para. 15. Plaintiff objected to the City’s enforcement of its laws by giving the City an “Abundant Due Process Notice.” Plaintiff claims that the defendants did not respond to plaintiff’s “Notice.” Complaint, Pg. 17, Para. 28.
Plaintiff alleges that code enforcement is void under California law. Complaint, Pgs. 10-11, Para.18. Plaintiff also claims that the defendants have failed to swear an oath. Plaintiff states that the defendants “lack . . . competent jurisdiction to regulate the subject private land.” Complaint, Pg. 17, Para. 30.
Though plaintiff alleges no facts regarding what the City did (or did not do) that caused him to serve the “Abundant Due Process Notice,” plaintiff states that “on or about March 1, 2005, the City again threatened an Administrative Law action against the subject private land.” Complaint, Pg. 17, Para.29. Much later, plaintiff alleges that “on March 5, 2005, the City of San Bernardino again attempted to have him bring the use of his private land into compliance of the San Bernardino City Municipal Code.” Complaint, Pg. 20, Para. 37.
Plaintiff alleges seven causes of action (there is no sixth cause of action), including six Fifth Amendment Due Process causes of action, and one combination First Amendment “Right to Seek Redress of Grievance” and Fifth Amendment Due Process cause of action.
The first cause of action alleges that plaintiff has a right to “peaceful ownership, enjoyment and use of the subject private land.” Complaint, Pg. 19, Para. 35. The individual defendants have a duty to place “into the record such contractual information or documentation which they allege brought the private land and chattels under such City of San Bernardino Administrative Law.” Id., Pg. 19, Para. 36. The individual defendants conspired to “perpetrate their custom, policy and practice of dealing with [Plaintiff] under the mere ‘color of state law’” in violation of 42 U.S.C. sections 1983 and 1985. Id., Pg. 20, Para. 39.
The second cause of action states that plaintiff had a “primary right” to rely on a repealed Penal Code section. Complaint, Pg. 21, Para. 42. Plaintiff states that defendants had a duty to know that there was no authority to obtain demolition orders, but maliciously commenced several legal actions against private land. Id. at Para. 43. The individual defendants conspired in the same manner as in the previous cause of action. Id. at Para. 45.
The third cause of action states that plaintiff had a right to challenge jurisdiction which would require the government to prove jurisdiction before any further action could be taken. Plaintiff claims he made the challenge and no “proof of jurisdiction [was] placed into the record.” Complaint, Pg. 22, Para. 48. The defendants “again met and gathered together and conspired to ignore the plaintiff’s written challenges to their competent regulatory jurisdiction and again attempted their regulatory actions.” Id. at Para. 49.
Plaintiff alleges in the fourth cause of action that he had a right to be free of government action. Complaint, Pgs. 23-24, Para. 53. Defendants had a duty to refrain from “private Administrative Law actions against the subject private land.” Id., Pg. 24. Para. 55. Defendants then conspired in the same way alleged in the first cause of action.
In the fifth cause of action, plaintiff alleges that on March 1, 2005, plaintiff served his “Abundant Due Process – Notice” to the defendants that his land was not subject to the City’s regulatory control because it was sovereign allodial title. The defendants never made a response, thus defaulting on the jurisdictional challenge. Complaint, Pg. 25, Para. 60.
Plaintiff alleges in the next cause of action, denominated the seventh cause of action, that he had a right to justifiably rely on the presentation on the City’s seal that the City was founded in 1810. Complaint, Pgs. 25-6, Para.62. The City had a duty to know the actual founding date and change the claimed founding date to 1905. Id., Pg. 26, Para. 64. Plaintiff again claims that the individual defendants conspired. Id. at Para. 65.
The eighth cause of action states that none of the “named defendants” have sworn nor subscribed to the oath of office, and that the oath of office is a requirement to occupy any official office. Complaint, Pg. 27, Para. 68. Plaintiff had a due process right “to expect that all officers, agents and employees of the City” swore to an oath before they had any official standing to take action against private land.” Id. at Para. 69. The individual defendants had a duty to swear to the oath before they took actions. Id. at Para. 70. The individual defendants then conspired in the same way alleged in the first cause of action. Id. at Para. 72.
Plaintiff claims that the defendants were “private persons merely claiming to be governmental officers, agents or employees.” Complaint, Pg. 30, Para. 80.
I believe I attacked the complaint using either this case, or a similar case, which taught me the word prolixity in context of F.R.C.P. Rule 8:
A heightened pleading standard is not an invitation to disregard’s Rule 8‘s requirement of simplicity, directness, and clarity. The “particularity” requirement of a heightened pleading standard, requiring “nonconclusory allegations containing evidence of unlawful intent,” as opposed to “bare allegations of improper purpose,” has among its purposes the avoidance of unnecessary discovery. Branch, 937 F.2d at 1386. If the pleading contains prolix evidentiary averments, largely irrelevant or of slight relevance, rather than clear and concise averments stating which defendants are liable to plaintiffs for which wrongs, based on the evidence, then this purpose is defeated. Only by months or years of discovery and motions can each defendant find out what he is being sued for. The expense and burden of such litigation promotes settlements based on the anticipated litigation expense rather than protecting immunity from suit. Judgment and discretion must be applied by district judges to determine when a pleading subject to a heightened pleading standard has violated Rule 8, but there is nothing unusual about a standard requiring judges to exercise judgment and discretion. We have affirmed dismissal with prejudice for failure to obey a court order to file a short and plain statement of the claim as required by Rule 8, even where the heightened standard of pleading under Rule 9 applied. Schmidt v. Herrmann, 614 F.2d at 1223-24. In Schmidt, as in the case at bar, the very prolixity of the complaint made it difficult to determine just what circumstances were supposed to have given rise to the various causes of action. McHenry v. Renne (9th Cir. 1996) 84 F.3d 1172, 1178.
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